鋅空氣電池

鋅空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)電(dian)池，用活(huo)(huo)性炭(tan)吸附(fu)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中的(de)氧或純氧作為(wei)正極活(huo)(huo)性物質(zhi)，以鋅為(wei)負(fu)極，以氯化銨或苛性堿溶液為(wei)電(dian)解質(zhi)的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)原電(dian)池。又稱(cheng)鋅氧電(dian)池。分為(wei)中性和堿性兩個體系的(de)鋅空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)電(dian)池，分別(bie)用字(zi)母A和P表示，其(qi)后再用數(shu)字(zi)表示電(dian)池的(de)型號。

充電過程

　　鋅(xin)空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充電(dian)(dian)過程進行得十分緩慢(man)，為(wei)解決這一問題(ti)，通常鋅(xin)空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的負極鋅(xin)板或鋅(xin)粒，被(bei)氧(yang)化(hua)成氧(yang)化(hua)鋅(xin)而失效后，一般采用直接更換鋅(xin)板或鋅(xin)粒和電(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)的方(fang)法，使鋅(xin)空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)池(chi)得到(dao)完(wan)全更新(xin)。

電池構(gou)成

　　糊(hu)狀的(de)鋅粉在(zai)陽極(ji)端，起催化作用的(de)碳在(zai)陰極(ji)。電(dian)池殼體上的(de)孔可(ke)讓空(kong)氣(qi)中的(de)氧(yang)(yang)進入腔體附著在(zai)陰極(ji)的(de)碳上。同時，陽極(ji)的(de)鋅被氧(yang)(yang)化，這與小型銀氧(yang)(yang)或汞氧(yang)(yang)電(dian)池的(de)化學反(fan)應類似。

　　陰極——是起催化(hua)作用的碳從空氣中吸收氧。

　　陽極——是鋅(xin)粉和電解液的混合物，成(cheng)糊狀。

　　電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)——高濃度(du)的(de)氫氧(yang)化鉀水溶液(ye)。

　　隔離(li)(li)層——用于隔離(li)(li)兩級間(jian)固體粉粒的(de)移動。

　　絕緣(yuan)和(he)密封襯墊——尼龍材料。

　　電(dian)池外(wai)表面(mian)——鎳金屬(shu)外(wai)殼，具有良好的(de)防腐性的(de)導體

電池類型

　　主要有(you)(you)4種類型。①中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)鋅空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi):結(jie)構與(yu)鋅錳圓(yuan)筒形電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)類同(tong)，也采(cai)用(yong)氯化(hua)(hua)銨與(yu)氯化(hua)(hua)鋅為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質，只(zhi)(zhi)是在(zai)炭(tan)包中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)活性(xing)炭(tan)代替(ti)了二氧化(hua)(hua)錳，并在(zai)蓋上或周圍留有(you)(you)通氣孔(kong)，在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)打(da)開(kai)；②紐扣式(shi)(shi)(shi)鋅空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)：結(jie)構與(yu)鋅銀扣式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)基本相(xiang)同(tong)，但在(zai)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)外殼上留有(you)(you)小(xiao)孔(kong)，使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)可打(da)開(kai)；③低功率(lv)大荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)鋅空(kong)氣濕(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)：將燒(shao)結(jie)或粘接式(shi)(shi)(shi)活性(xing)炭(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)板(ban)狀鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組合成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組浸(jin)入盛(sheng)有(you)(you)氫氧化(hua)(hua)鈉溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)容器中(zhong)(zhong)（見(jian)圖(tu)）；④高功率(lv)鋅空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)：一般是將薄片(pian)狀粘結(jie)式(shi)(shi)(shi)活性(xing)炭(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)裝在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)外壁上，將鋅粉(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)裝在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)間，兩者之間用(yong)吸液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)隔膜隔離，上口裝有(you)(you)注液(ye)(ye)(ye)塞。使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)注入氫氧化(hua)(hua)鉀溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)。這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)便于攜帶。低功率(lv)鋅空(kong)氣濕(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)高功率(lv)鋅空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)屬于臨(lin)時(shi)激活型，活性(xing)炭(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)能反復使(shi)用(yong)，因而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)耗盡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷量(liang)以(yi)后，只(zhi)(zhi)要更換鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)堿液(ye)(ye)(ye)，就(jiu)可重復使(shi)用(yong)。

電池原理

　　陽(yang)極： Zn + 2OH– → ZnO +H2O + 2e–

　　陰(yin)極： O2 + 2H2O + 4e– →4OH–

　　綜(zong)合： 2Zn + O2→ 2ZnO

　　通(tong)常這種反映(ying)產(chan)生的(de)電(dian)壓是1.4伏，但放電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)和(he)放電(dian)深度可引起(qi)電(dian)壓變(bian)化。空氣必須能不間斷地(di)進入(ru)到陰極，在陰極殼體上開(kai)有小孔(kong)以便氧氣源(yuan)源(yuan)不斷地(di)進入(ru)才(cai)能使(shi)電(dian)池產(chan)生化學反應。

電池使用

　　鋅空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)保存(cun)的關鍵在封條(tiao)(tiao)，除非(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)準備立刻使用，否則(ze)不(bu)能(neng)取下(xia)(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)陰極封條(tiao)(tiao)。模擬(ni)試(shi)驗表(biao)明，在室溫條(tiao)(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)，存(cun)放一年后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)下(xia)(xia)降到95%，存(cun)放兩年后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)下(xia)(xia)降到90%，存(cun)放四年后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)仍有(you)85%。撕(si)下(xia)(xia)封條(tiao)(tiao)后(hou)(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)被(bei)激活并(bing)開始工作，在室溫環境并(bing)不(bu)接負載時，根(gen)據不(bu)同(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)大(da)小規格，3到12周后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)下(xia)(xia)降50%，超過20周電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)下(xia)(xia)降到0-10%。因(yin)此鋅空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)適用于在很少幾周內(nei)耗(hao)用完電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的場合。如果(guo)一旦鋅空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的封條(tiao)(tiao)被(bei)撕(si)下(xia)(xia)，空(kong)氣就(jiu)進入內(nei)部激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反應(ying)，此時即(ji)使再貼上(shang)封條(tiao)(tiao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反應(ying)也會繼(ji)續下(xia)(xia)去直(zhi)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)耗(hao)盡。

代替炭(tan)包

　　1878年(nian)法國的(de)(de)L.梅謝在鋅(xin)錳電(dian)(dian)池中用(yong)(yong)含(han)鉑的(de)(de)多孔性(xing)炭電(dian)(dian)極代(dai)替(ti)二氧(yang)化錳炭包(bao)，開(kai)發(fa)了(le)(le)鋅(xin)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)干電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)技術。1917年(nian)法國人C.費里用(yong)(yong)活性(xing)炭代(dai)替(ti)鉑，以吸收氧(yang)，達到了(le)(le)鋅(xin)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)實(shi)用(yong)(yong)化。1932年(nian)G.W.海澤與E.A.舒梅赫爾又(you)(you)發(fa)表了(le)(le)采用(yong)(yong)堿性(xing)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的(de)(de)鋅(xin)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)池。60年(nian)代(dai)由于對宇航(hang)用(yong)(yong)常溫燃料電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)研究得到了(le)(le)很大(da)的(de)(de)成功，大(da)功率鋅(xin)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)開(kai)發(fa)才達到了(le)(le)實(shi)際應用(yong)(yong)階段。70年(nian)代(dai)中期又(you)(you)發(fa)展了(le)(le)微型紐扣式鋅(xin)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)池。鋅(xin)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)池由于利用(yong)(yong)大(da)氣(qi)(qi)中的(de)(de)氧(yang)作為正極活性(xing)物質，具有很高的(de)(de)社會(hui)和經(jing)濟效(xiao)益(yi)。

空氣(qi)電池

　　原理 　鋅空(kong)氣電池的電化學(xue)反應如下：

　　在中性溶(rong)液(ye)中： 2Zn+4NH4Cl+O2→2Zn(NH3)2Cl2+2H2O

　　在堿(jian)性溶(rong)液(ye)中： 2Zn+2NaOH+O2→2NaHZnO2

　　性(xing)能特征(zheng)和用(yong)(yong)途 　鋅(xin)空氣(qi)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)壓為1.4V左右，放電(dian)電(dian)流受活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)電(dian)極(ji)吸附氧(yang)及擴散(san)速度的(de)制約。每一(yi)型號的(de)電(dian)池(chi)有其最佳使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)流值，超過極(ji)限值時活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)電(dian)極(ji)會迅速劣化。電(dian)池(chi)的(de)荷(he)電(dian)量一(yi)般比(bi)同體積的(de)鋅(xin)錳電(dian)池(chi)大 3倍以上。大型鋅(xin)空氣(qi)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)荷(he)量一(yi)般在(zai) 500～2000Ah，主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)于鐵路(lu)和航海燈(deng)標(biao)裝置上。紐扣(kou)形(xing)鋅(xin)空氣(qi)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)荷(he)量在(zai)200～400mAh，已廣(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)于助聽器中。

漏液處理

　　鋅空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部含有(you)(you)高(gao)濃度的電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質（氫氧(yang)化(hua)鉀，具有(you)(you)強堿性(xing)，強腐(fu)蝕性(xing)），一(yi)旦(dan)發生(sheng)滲漏(lou)，將腐(fu)蝕電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)附近部件，而(er)且這(zhe)種腐(fu)蝕可(ke)能是不(bu)可(ke)修復的，致命的。而(er)且電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)上有(you)(you)孔，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在激活(huo)使(shi)用后存(cun)放時(shi)間又很短(duan)，所以(yi)鋅空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)較易發生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)漏(lou)液。使(shi)用鋅空(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的場合要(yao)及時(shi)更(geng)換耗盡的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，經常檢查(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)狀(zhuang)況，較長時(shi)間不(bu)用時(shi)取出電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。